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However, this conflicts with the above statement that particles have no specific lexical function per se code: lat promoted to code: la, since non-inflecting words that function as articles, prepositions, conjunctions, interjections have a clear lexical function. This assumes that any function word incapable of inflection is by definition a particle. Under a strict definition, in which a particle must be uninflected, English deictics like this and that would not be classed as such (since they have plurals and are therefore inflected), and neither would Romance articles (since they are inflected for number and gender). ( March 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message)ĭepending on context, the meaning of the term may overlap with concepts such as morpheme, marker, or even adverb as in English phrasal verbs such as out in get out. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. This section possibly contains original research. Particles are typically words that encode grammatical categories (such as negation, mood, tense, or case), clitics, fillers or (oral) discourse markers such as well, um, etc.
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Languages vary widely in how much they use particles, some using them extensively and others more commonly using alternative devices such as prefixes/suffixes, inflection, auxiliary verbs and word order. According to this definition, particles are a separate part of speech and are distinct from other classes of function words, such as articles, prepositions, conjunctions and adverbs. In modern grammar, a particle is a function word that must be associated with another word or phrase to impart meaning, i.e., does not have its own lexical definition. Polynesian languages, which are almost devoid of inflection, use particles extensively to indicate mood, tense, and case. Modal particles express linguistic modality. Aspectual particles signal grammatical aspects. Structural particles are used for grammatical relations. In some languages they are more clearly defined, such as Chinese, which has three types of zhùcí (助詞 particles): Structural, Aspectual, and Modal. In Hindi, for instance, they may be used as honorifics, or to indicate emphasis or negation. Many languages use particles, in varying amounts and for varying reasons. The word 'up' would be a particle in the phrase to 'look up' (as in the phrase "look up this topic "), implying that one researches something, rather than literally gazing skywards. In English, for instance, the phrase "oh well" has no purpose in speech other than to convey a mood. Although a particle may have an intrinsic meaning, and indeed may fit into other grammatical categories, the fundamental idea of the particle is to add context to the sentence, expressing a mood or indicating a specific action. In grammar, the term particle ( abbreviated PTCL) has a traditional meaning, as a part of speech that cannot be inflected, and a modern meaning, as a function word associated with another word or phrase, generally in order to impart meaning. Typically short and indeclinable word with a grammatical function but no clear part of speech